class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # Ecologia Numérica ] .subtitle[ ## Aula 5 - Beta-diversidade ] .author[ ### Felipe Melo ] .institute[ ### Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada - UFPE ] .date[ ### 2022-06-28 ] --- # Diversidade Taxonômica .center[ <img src=libs/div.png width = 700> ] --- # Precisamos saber: -- ## O que é Beta-diversidade? -- ## O que ela ode infromar sobre comunidades biológicas? -- ## Como calcular beta-diversidade --- # Definindo beta-diversidade <img src=https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta1.jpg> [Fonte: What is Beta-Diversity?](https://methodsblog.com/2015/05/27/beta_diversity/) -- # A arte de medir a diferença entre comunidades biológicas --- class: center, middle ## "a magnitide da mundança na composição ou o grau de diferenciação, em relação a um gradiante ambiental" ###R.H. Whittaker --- class: center, middle # Gama = Alfa média * Beta # `\({\gamma}\)` = `\({\alpha}\)` * `\({\beta}\)` --- <img src=https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta1.jpg> -- <img src=https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta2.jpg> --- background-image: url('https://www.davidzeleny.net/anadat-r/lib/exe/fetch.php/obrazky:jurasinsky_et_al_diversity_schema_350.png') background-size: contain --- # Medidas de beta-diversidade .panelset[.panel[ .panel-name[Índices "Standarizados" = Jaccard] ```r data("BCI") vegdist(BCI, method = "jaccard") ``` ``` ## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ## 2 0.4260250 ## 3 0.5186992 0.4463668 ## 4 0.5382263 0.4790323 0.4898911 ## 5 0.5428135 0.5560676 0.5288754 0.5424460 ## 6 0.5448393 0.5218150 0.5465116 0.5954198 0.5467512 ## 7 0.5205479 0.4527273 0.4896907 0.5471698 0.6087613 0.4751381 ## 8 0.5101695 0.4311594 0.4479167 0.4781199 0.5420561 0.5262238 0.4793537 ## 9 0.5950820 0.5448276 0.5393635 0.5490506 0.5938462 0.5844828 0.5372340 0.4473198 ## 10 0.5475819 0.5024470 0.4567700 0.4753846 0.5555556 0.5993740 0.5592949 0.4376068 0.4567474 ## 11 0.5511945 0.5150977 0.5331070 0.5479233 0.6146789 0.4972274 0.5226040 0.5377856 0.5937500 0.5460526 ## 12 0.6226734 0.5436364 0.5780446 0.5695581 0.6722561 0.5485075 0.4514851 0.5295203 0.5514019 0.5802676 0.4960784 ## 13 0.7189836 0.6750392 0.7081481 0.6671512 0.7323162 0.7091195 0.6180905 0.6319218 0.6633987 0.6920821 0.6721311 0.6234458 ## 14 0.5427632 0.4922280 0.5467742 0.4815409 0.5625000 0.5785953 0.5500849 0.4646643 0.5035336 0.5145161 0.5706985 0.5769912 0.5930233 ## 15 0.5956790 0.5173554 0.5247209 0.5190840 0.5631501 0.6428571 0.6387597 0.4940978 0.5555556 0.4807074 0.6125402 0.6536585 0.7077151 0.5389610 ## 16 0.5151007 0.5144804 0.5342020 0.5461538 0.5640244 0.5511945 0.5008787 0.5793781 0.6108374 0.5692068 0.4791289 0.5557554 0.6781250 0.5679214 ## 17 0.6206323 0.5633803 0.6186579 0.6065831 0.7122093 0.5939716 0.5456204 0.5679012 0.6308492 0.6242038 0.5410448 0.4629630 0.6042403 0.6000000 ## 18 0.7300319 0.6768190 0.7264151 0.6825886 0.7507331 0.6868512 0.6152450 0.6609294 0.6943005 0.7269939 0.6737589 0.6182171 0.4849699 0.6106195 ## 19 0.5628059 0.5162393 0.5800317 0.5611621 0.6503597 0.5822148 0.5511945 0.4868651 0.5305410 0.5320513 0.5520833 0.5093284 0.5872483 0.5008606 ## 20 0.5528053 0.5230769 0.5636071 0.5220820 0.5783866 0.6122112 0.5986733 0.4965035 0.5601375 0.4825291 0.5540070 0.6502547 0.6698413 0.4789474 ## 21 0.5733333 0.5540309 0.5951613 0.6389302 0.5953846 0.6218487 0.6243740 0.6086235 0.6628478 0.6012559 0.5370705 0.6397188 0.7293935 0.6039604 ## 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 0.5864780 ## 17 0.6807512 0.5969125 ## 18 0.7515432 0.6933333 0.6026871 ## 19 0.6037441 0.6124402 0.5226860 0.5714286 ## 20 0.4340949 0.5733114 0.6807818 0.6913997 0.5891980 ## 21 0.6384977 0.5175439 0.6806020 0.7500000 0.6435484 0.5861486 ## 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 ## 17 ## 18 ## 19 ## 20 ## 21 ## 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 ## 17 ## 18 ## 19 ## 20 ## 21 ## [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 29 rows ] ``` ] .panel[.panel-name[Sorensen] ```r betadiver(BCI, "w") ``` ``` ## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ## 2 0.2768362 ## 3 0.3005464 0.2873563 ## 4 0.2834225 0.2808989 0.2717391 ## 5 0.2989691 0.3081081 0.2984293 0.2615385 ## 6 0.2696629 0.3372781 0.3600000 0.2849162 0.3225806 ## 7 0.3028571 0.3253012 0.3372093 0.2954545 0.3442623 0.2574850 ## 8 0.3370166 0.3023256 0.2921348 0.2967033 0.2910053 0.3872832 0.4000000 ## 9 0.3442623 0.2758621 0.2333333 0.2826087 0.2670157 0.3371429 0.3139535 0.2584270 ## 10 0.3475936 0.3258427 0.2826087 0.2659574 0.3025641 0.3407821 0.3863636 0.3186813 0.2717391 ## 11 0.3111111 0.2397661 0.2768362 0.2707182 0.2978723 0.2906977 0.3609467 0.2914286 0.2994350 0.3038674 ## 12 0.4237288 0.3452381 0.3908046 0.3370787 0.3189189 0.3727811 0.3132530 0.3488372 0.3103448 0.4044944 0.3450292 ## 13 0.4086022 0.4124294 0.4098361 0.4010695 0.3917526 0.4044944 0.3485714 0.3812155 0.3661202 0.4224599 0.4111111 0.3559322 ## 14 0.3612565 0.3406593 0.2872340 0.3020833 0.3266332 0.3224044 0.3444444 0.3225806 0.2659574 0.3541667 0.3189189 0.3736264 0.3403141 ## 15 0.3333333 0.3220339 0.2896175 0.2620321 0.3092784 0.3932584 0.4057143 0.2596685 0.2459016 0.2834225 0.3000000 0.4011299 0.4086022 0.3403141 ## 16 0.3440860 0.2881356 0.3333333 0.2620321 0.2989691 0.2921348 0.2914286 0.4143646 0.3005464 0.3368984 0.3000000 0.2881356 0.3763441 0.3612565 ## 17 0.3225806 0.3333333 0.3224044 0.3262032 0.3092784 0.3595506 0.3257143 0.3480663 0.3661202 0.3368984 0.3222222 0.3672316 0.3118280 0.3298429 ## 18 0.4285714 0.4450867 0.4301676 0.3989071 0.4631579 0.4367816 0.3450292 0.4802260 0.4078212 0.4754098 0.4431818 0.4104046 0.2857143 0.3368984 ## 19 0.3168317 0.3264249 0.3266332 0.2906404 0.3238095 0.3402062 0.3193717 0.3401015 0.2864322 0.3201970 0.3163265 0.3160622 0.3168317 0.2560386 ## 20 0.3367876 0.3478261 0.3368421 0.2783505 0.3233831 0.3945946 0.3626374 0.2872340 0.2842105 0.2783505 0.3155080 0.4021739 0.3782383 0.3131313 ## 21 0.3750000 0.3442623 0.3439153 0.3056995 0.2600000 0.3586957 0.3591160 0.3155080 0.3439153 0.3367876 0.3010753 0.2896175 0.4062500 0.3705584 ## 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 0.3118280 ## 17 0.3870968 0.3870968 ## 18 0.4835165 0.4065934 0.3736264 ## 19 0.3069307 0.3465347 0.3267327 0.3333333 ## 20 0.2124352 0.3367876 0.3575130 0.3968254 0.3205742 ## 21 0.3854167 0.2812500 0.3333333 0.4468085 0.3461538 0.3668342 ## 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 ## 17 ## 18 ## 19 ## 20 ## 21 ## 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ## 2 ## 3 ## 4 ## 5 ## 6 ## 7 ## 8 ## 9 ## 10 ## 11 ## 12 ## 13 ## 14 ## 15 ## 16 ## 17 ## 18 ## 19 ## 20 ## 21 ## [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 29 rows ] ``` ] .panel[.panel-name[plot] ```r plot(betadiver(BCI, "w")) ``` ![](beta_diversidade_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png)<!-- --> ] ] --- class: middle # Substituição de espécies <img src= https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta3.jpg> --- class: middle # Aninhamento <img src= https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta4.jpg> --- class: middle # Combinação de ambos <img src= https://methodsblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/beta5.jpg> --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/beta_forest.jpg width = 800> [Socolar et al 2015](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X) --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/beta_forest.jpg width = 800> [Socolar et al 2015](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X) --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/ltx_land.jpg width = 600> [Arroyo-Rodríguez et al 2013](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X). --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/ltx_land2.jpg width = 500> [Arroyo-Rodríguez et al 2013](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X) --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/ltx_land3.jpg width = 500> [Arroyo-Rodríguez et al 2013](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X) --- # Exemplos <img src=libs/ltx_land4.jpg width = 300> [Arroyo-Rodríguez et al 2013](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471500289X) --- #Prática no R